Advances in 3D textiles

Contents: Front Cover; Advances in 3D Textiles; Copyright; Contents; List of Contributors; Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1. Introduction; 1.1.1. Definition of 3D textiles; 1.1.2. Traditional examples; 1.1.3. Innovation in the 1980s; 1.2. Range of 3D textiles; 1.2.1. Woven; 1.2.2. Braids; 1.2.3. Knits; 1.2.4. Other yarn structures; 1.2.5. Nonwovens; 1.2.6. Stitched and embroidered; 1.2.7. Draping and press-forming; 1.3. Uses of 3D textiles; 1.3.1. Variety of applications; 1.3.2. Aerospace, automobile and military; 1.3.3. Sport and leisure; 1.3.4. Medical. 1.3.5. Protection 1.3.6. Filtration, paper-making and geotextiles; 1.3.7. Construction; 1.4. Conclusion; 1.4.1. Challenges; 1.4.2. Engineering design; 1.4.3. Specialist and volume production; 1.4.4. The commercial scene; References; Part One: 3D Woven Textiles; Chapter 2: Solid three-dimensional woven textiles; 2.1. Introduction; 2.1.1. 3D woven fabrics and composites are in demand; 2.1.2. Major technical challenges; 2.1.3. Main literature recommended for further reading; 2.1.4. Scope of this chapter; 2.2. Terminology and fabric categorization; 2.2.1. Basic definitions. 2.2.2. 3D multilayer weaving 2.2.3. 3D woven versus nonwoven fabrics; 2.3. 3D multilayer interlock weaves; 2.3.1. 3D multilayer warp interlock weaving; 2.3.2. 3D multilayer weft interlock fabrics; 2.4. 3D noncrimp orthogonal weaves; 2.4.1. Distinctions of the weaving process; 2.4.2. Fabric architecture; 2.4.3. Fabric design and optimization; 2.4.4. Important processing features; 2.4.5. Summary of the advantages and disadvantages; 2.5. 3D dual interlaced weaves; 2.5.1. ``More crimp ́́versus ``less crimp ́́dilemma; 2.5.2. 3D dual interlaced weaving. 2.5.3. Mechanical properties of 3D dual interlaced weave composites2.5.4. Potential for 3D dual interlaced woven preforms; 2.6. Machine automation and computer-aided fabric design; 2.7. Mechanical properties of 3D woven composites; 2.7.1. Quasi-static loading; 2.7.2. Fatigue loading; 2.7.3. Dynamic loading; 2.8. Manufacturing and applications; 2.9. Outlook of future needs; Acknowledgment; References; Chapter 3: Hollow three-dimensional woven fabrics; 3.1. Introduction: Overview and potential applications; 3.2. Principles of hollow woven fabrics; 3.2.1. Classification of hollow woven fabrics. 3.2.2. Hollow fabrics with uneven surfaces 3.2.3. Hollow fabrics with flat surfaces; 3.2.4. Variations of hollow fabrics; 3.3. Properties and performance of structures based on hollow woven fabrics; 3.3.1. Structural features; 3.3.2. Possible loading directions; 3.3.3. Lightweight of hollow composites; 3.3.4. Compression modulus of hollow composites; 3.3.5. Energy absorption; 3.3.6. Force attenuation; 3.4. Structural and mechanical modelling of hollow woven fabrics; 3.4.1. Hexagonal hollow fabrics; 3.4.2. Quadratic hollow fabric; 3.4.3. Generation of weaves for hexagonal hollow fabrics.